Hydrochloric acid also enters into chemical reactions characteristic of the chloride ion, such as reactions with various inorganic and organic compounds in which hydrochloric acid is used as a chlorinating agent and reactions with metals and their oxides in which complex chloride-containing ions are formed (e.g., with platinum, 2−, or with copper, 2−). The reactions of hydrochloric acid are those of typical strong acids, such as: reactions with metals in which hydrogen gas is displaced, reactions with basic (metal) oxides and hydroxides that are neutralized with the formation of a metal chloride and water, and reactions with salts of weak acids in which the weak acid is displaced. Completely dry hydrogen chloride is very unreactive. These reactions occur readily only in the presence of moisture. Gaseous hydrogen chloride reacts with active metals and their oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates to produce chlorides. Thus, hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. In aqueous solution the compound is extensively dissociated into a hydronium ion (H 3 O +) and chloride ion (Cl −) in dilute solutions the dissociation is essentially complete. A water solution containing 20.24 percent by weight hydrogen chloride boils at 110 ☌ (230 ☏) without change in composition (azeotropic mixture). Because of its great solubility, the gas fumes in moist air. The gas is very soluble in water: at 20 ☌ (68 ☏) water will dissolve 477 times its own volume of hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen chloride is a colourless gas of strong odour. Anhydrous liquid hydrogen chloride is available, but because heavy and expensive containers are required to store it, the use of hydrogen chloride in this form is limited. Hydrochloric acid is usually marketed as a solution containing 28–35 percent by weight hydrogen chloride, commonly known as concentrated hydrochloric acid. Because of the corrosive nature of the acid, ceramic, glass, or sometimes tantalum apparatus is commonly used. Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving gaseous hydrogen chloride in water. It is also produced by the reaction of some chlorides (e.g., phosphorus trichloride, PCl 3, or thionyl chloride, SOCl 2) with water and as a by-product of the chlorination of many organic substances (e.g., methane or benzene). Hydrogen chloride is commonly prepared both on a laboratory and on an industrial scale by the reaction of a chloride, generally that of sodium (NaCl), with sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4). The reaction, represented by the equation H 2 + Cl 2 → 2HCl, is accompanied by evolution of heat and appears to be accelerated by moisture. Hydrogen chloride may be formed by the direct combination of chlorine (Cl 2) gas and hydrogen (H 2) gas the reaction is rapid at temperatures above 250 ☌ (482 ☏). A solution of the gas in water is called hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen chloride (HCl), a compound of the elements hydrogen and chlorine, a gas at room temperature and pressure. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
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